Watch 충견 Drama Online
Pregnant By The Luxury Empire Heir
恋の始まりは泥酔の夜
A Wrong Night, Forever His Prey
仮初、恋の戯れ
My Son is the CEO
恋の始まりは君の噓
Revenge of XXL Wife
恋の女神 ~ドタバタ縁結び~
No More Second Chance
萌鯉や 京の波越え 恋の錦
Husband For Hire
恋のサバイバル 皇太子攻略ロード
After I Sold My Special Service to a Billionaire
狙え！おじさんのハートを～恋のグルメ、参上～
My Majestic Lady Warrior
恋は愛人契約から始まる
The MVP's Plus Size Love
恋とダンスと誤ち
My Mafia Life From Maid to Bride
君に育てられ 恋をした
From Lost Heiress to Mafia Queen
(吹き替え) 恋は愛人契約から始まる
Find Love in the Stone Age
雨夜之後，晴日歸來
From Dumped to Mrs.Billionaire
恋とオムツは突然に
My Homeless Husband is a Billionaire
恋味シェフ
From Trash Dad to Treasure
恋は占いから始めよう
Revenge Campus
.png~tplv-vod-rs:540:720.webp)
歌って、聞いて、恋をして
Shopping at Alien Supermarket
恋は盲目のイタズラ
Catch Me If You Can
恋も金も俺のホラ次第
Woke Up Married to My Crush
お嬢様は落とさせたい〜恋と復讐の頭脳戦〜
My Ex Boyfriend's Uncle Gone Wild
宿命ノ刃、恋獄に咲く
My Mafia Servant
この世から、恋が消えても
Gambling Queen against Casino
八年越しの花嫁～恋は二回目の告白から～
Twin Sisters Fight Back
海棠不惜胭脂色
(Dubbed)Falling for My Ex-Wife
閃戀成癮
Laborer to the Peak
元妻ともう一度、恋をしよう！
Sang Dewa Agung
心碎紀念日
A Chef’s Journey Home
高嶺の花は色褪せない
Miss CEO's Revenge
契約結婚の条件は「恋禁止」
Mr. Lee, You've Got the Wrong Lady
일현일주사화연
Reunite With My Long-Lost Children
すれ違う恋は嵐のように
From Zero To Jade King
月夜禁戀：狼君的秘密萌寶
The Invincible Treasure Bowl
社長×メイド 恋は勘違いから始まる！
Favored vs. Fake
恋する前に別れましょう
Gamble King at the Minute
秦王父娘の「悪党」な日々
Disguised Billionaire
狙いは解毒 恋は予定外
Married to My Professor
戀物妻子：我的情敵是張按摩椅
Revenge of the Supreme Lord
(吹き替え)すれ違う恋は嵐のように
Ms. Villa's Transformation
假面家教の復仇課表
To Live or To Love
死敵戀上我妹妹
Rise to Power
月光下的替身戀
My Gigolo Husband, The Billionaire Surprise
7일의 데드라인
The Unborn Immortal
婚姻危機日，原配小三大對決
Return of the Legend Lord
不治の恋～逃げ場のない依存地獄～
Executive Affair：Resigning from your love
(吹き替え)時代を超えたあらぬ恋
The Farmer's Delicate Bride
七日忘情，再見陌生人
Traps on the Table
恋は契約から～パパの嫉妬が止まらない～
His Ultimate Favor Is Me
물고기는 무슨 일?
In the Pages of Love
일주일의 유예
Fool's Ascent
The Divorce Attorney's Secret Affair
Pregnant By The Luxury Empire Heir
After a one-night stand with Bryan, the powerful CEO of a luxury group, boutique clerk Sofia discovers she's pregnant. Bullied at work and exploited by her family, she struggles alone—until Bryan steps in to protect her. Drawn to Sofia's strength, he eventually proposes, and the two build a future together.
恋の始まりは泥酔の夜
林媛は酔った勢いで京城の大物・傅冥修の部屋に迷い込み、一夜の過ちを犯してしまう。 翌日、病院で再会するが、傅冥修は医師を装い彼女に近づき、さらに強引にデートへと誘う。 もう会うことはないと思っていた林媛だったが、彼の執着は止まらない。 彼女が困れば助け、傷つけられれば必ず仕返しをする傅冥修。 そして林媛に恋人がいないと知った瞬間、彼の想いは狂おしいほど加速していく――。
A Wrong Night, Forever His Prey
Perhaps the thing Eliza regretted the most was selling her virginity to Eric, only to end up becoming his maid by a twist of fate. From that moment, fate took an irreversible turn. One night of passion left him craving more, and with such close proximity, their bond deepened.
My Son is the CEO
Sara Lawrence, lobby manager of Glory Hotel, wrongly accuses a security guard, Brooks Lewis, who appears in the Presidential Suite of theft. However, this old man turns out to be her boyfriend's father. Brooks is also taken by surprise when he finds out that the rude girl Sara is the girlfriend of his son, who is a CEO.
Revenge of XXL Wife
Weighing 250 pounds, housewife Maddy's dumped after catching her husband Luke cheating with Olivia. Determined to reclaim her life, she transforms into a stunning new woman. With the help of Felix, her billionaire childhood friend and longtime admirer, Maddy launches the ultimate revenge against Luke, Olivia, and Luke's mother.
No More Second Chance
Nine years ago, Anna was forced to leave Ellison by his controlling mother. To protect his future, she walked away in silence—carrying his unborn child. Unaware of the truth, Ellison was left heartbroken and bitter. Now, fate brings them back together. She's a struggling waitress. He's a successful businessman. Can the wounds of the past be healed, or is it too late for forgiveness and love?
Husband For Hire
Lizzie hires Jack, whom she believes is a waiter, to pose as her boyfriend at her ex-fiancé's engagement party. But when Jack proposes in front of her entire family, she's forced to say yes. What Lizzie doesn't know: Jack is actually the heir to a hotel empire, searching for someone who loves him for who he is.
After I Sold My Special Service to a Billionaire
Elizabeth disguises herself as a sex worker to deal with a date with a notorious chauvinist pig, set up by her evil stepsister. But she accidentally sits at the wrong table, leading to her chance meeting with the richest billionaire in town. Even more to her surprise, he proposes to buy her... "special services"?
My Majestic Lady Warrior
Haylee Bullock sold meat on the street to support her son-in-law Ryland Carter, who she groomed into a warrior. Unbeknownst to her, her daughter Macy was being mistreated by Ryland and her mother-in-law. Ryland even planned to sell Haylee and Macy for money, intending to propose to the daughter of King Rocha at the conferment ceremony. Little did he know, Haylee was the true King Rocha.
My Mafia Life From Maid to Bride
Rosa, a lowly maid in a mafia family, suffers constant mistreatment—especially from Max, the heir, who always punishes her for no reason. Everything changes when Rosa learns she's the heiress of a rival gang, and Max is the one who killed her mother. She returns home, ready for revenge.
From Lost Heiress to Mafia Queen
On her birthday, Emma was imprisoned by her adoptive parents and bled like livestock—only to discover she had been raised as a living blood bank. When the couple escalated to selling her organs, she fled. She was saved by Lucien, the mafia don who had come to dismantle the trafficking ring, but, mistaking his lethal justice for murder, she ran again. Cornered by her foster parents a second time, she was rescued by an elderly London earl—London’s richest—who revealed she was his long-lost granddaughter. Overnight, Emma became the crown jewel of British high society.
Find Love in the Stone Age
Lilah, a modern botanist, wakes up in the Stone Age and nearly becomes a tiger's food! Luckily, Derek, the fierce chief of Oracle Clan, saved her and claimed her as his woman. She’s pampered, protected, and ready to build a thriving tribe with her wild mate… until danger stirs beyond the jungle.
恋とオムツは突然に
安沐晴は沈砚尘と予期せぬ一夜を過ごし、双子の子を出産。五年後、男は偶然彼らと出会い、衝撃の真実を知る。子どもを捜し始める中で、安沐晴と沈砚尘の距離は少しずつ縮まり、秘めた想いが芽生えはじめる。そして、葉笙笙にも思いがけない転機が―― しかし、すべてが明るみに出たその先に待つのは、再会か、それとも別れか…？
My Homeless Husband is a Billionaire
When exiled heir Chris Alden walks out of prison disguised as a beggar and impulsively marries indebted waitress Olivia Cooper to save her from a forced engagement, their unexpected romance begins. Chris has secretly loved her for years, but with Olivia’s memories lost, he must hide his true identity to stay by her side. Yet as danger closes in and the truth surfaces, one question remains—can their love survive once his secret is exposed?
恋味シェフ
天才料理人・風祭久笙は、六車グループの冷徹な御曹司・冬夜との偶然の邂逅で人生が激変する。一夜の出来事と共謀者の策略により記憶を失った彼女は、三年後「極味道」の頂点を目指す料理人として六車家の厨房に舞い戻る。 冷たい包丁と熱い想いが交錯する厨房で、記憶の断片は料理の香りに溶けていくーー。
From Trash Dad to Treasure
Princess Lexi woke up in the modern world as a starving girl who had been swapped at birth, unloved, and left to die. Furious, she left behind the man who had never cared for her and made the town's biggest loser her new dad. She was ready to turn trash into treasure.
恋は占いから始めよう
二十年前、言子と郁は血の婚約を結んだ。婚約を履行しないと、一人は死ぬ、もう一人は破産することになる。二十年後、言子は郁を見つけて婚約を履行しようとしたが、郁は彼女を詐欺師だと思い、20億で婚約を解除しようとした。言子は術を使って郁を市役所に連れて結婚したが、郁が治らない病にかかってることに気づいた。 「まあ、私が薬になればいいじゃん」と言子は思わず口にした。
Shopping at Alien Supermarket
After receiving a call saying his father is dying, Neil rides an electric bike to the hospital, only to be hit by a car. His blood flows into his watch; his soul enters Alien Supermarket, where he finds Rehab Capsule that can heal any injury. He buys it. At the same time his money is gone!
Catch Me If You Can
When her friend's job is on the line, ordinary employee Nora dons a disguise as a man to pose as billionaire Charles' date. Amidst the chaos of fake dates, office intrigue, and a web of misunderstandings, an unexpected romance blossoms. But when feelings get real, can love really cross the class divide?
Woke Up Married to My Crush
After a devastating accident, Alice wakes up to a life she doesn't recognize - a ruthless billionaire husband, a marriage filled with distrust, and a rival who wants her gone. Stripped of her past but armed with newfound courage, she must untangle the truths and reclaim the fragments of what once were hers.
お嬢様は落とさせたい〜恋と復讐の頭脳戦〜
祖父の遺産を継いだはずが、洋城の旧宅に閉じ込められ、「狂った令嬢」として朽ちていく運命を背負わされた姜郁。 だがそれは――すべて、復讐のための仮面だった。 自由を手に入れ、そして宋家に復讐するため、彼女が選んだ標的は、金州の御曹司・賀敛。 愛という名の罠を仕掛け、自らを囮に、その力を手に入れて、すべてを覆す。 これは、甘く危うい「恋」という名の策略。
My Ex Boyfriend's Uncle Gone Wild
After Reina finds out her boyfriend cheated on her with her adopted sister, she hooks up with the first guy she meets — Grey, her ex’s wealthy uncle. To get revenge, she proposes a fake relationship with Grey, but their fiery chemistry soon makes things complicated.
My Mafia Servant
Mafia boss Marco threatens to take Sofia's café. That night, Sofia accidentally hits Marco with her car—and gives him amnesia. To save the café, Sofia hides the truth and takes him in as a housekeeper. They grow close—but Sofia can't shake the fear that Marco's family will find him... or worse, that he'll remember everything.
Gambling Queen against Casino
Vivian, a retired Mahjong legend who swore off gambling, is forced back when her son loses everything to the casino Sky Palace. Facing her senior Derek, she engages in a final high-stakes duel, exposing his crimes and proving the truth that those who gamble for a long time will surely lose.
Twin Sisters Fight Back
Minn Corp CEO Yo Minn witnessed firsthand the severe bullying that left her twin sister Laura Minn to her miserable fate on the school hill. Determined to take action for her sister, Yo Minn decides to wear Laura's school uniform and launch a brilliant counterattack! During her time assuming her sister's identity, she not only meticulously plans to punish the bullies who harmed Laura but also helps her sister achieve her dream of becoming the final apprentice of world-renowned designer Renee Tai. "I promise you, I will definitely help you. Don't be afraid, my little sister..."
(Dubbed)Falling for My Ex-Wife
After having a spiked drink, Lucien Roberts spent the night with Cecelia Payne. Assuming Cecelia was behind it, he had been cold to her after he married her at his grandpa's request. Five years later, Cecelia voluntarily divorced Lucien. Only then did he realize how wrong he was about her and how much she had done for him.
Laborer to the Peak
Arthur Camp was just a lowly laborer, despised by others and abandoned by his ex-wife. However, it turns out he is actually the long-lost son of a trillionaire. Overnight, he transforms into a wealthy heir, leaving those who once looked down on him stunned and regretful.
Sang Dewa Agung
Revian Sach merupakan Dewa Surgawi yang akan mencapai tahap akhir pencapaiannya. Untuk membalas budi bibinya di masa lalu, dia memilih untuk kembali ke dunia manusia. Di sana dia bertemu dengan Maudy Rusli yang merupakan perempuan terhebat. Setelah melewati serangkaian peristiwa, Maudy jatuh hati dengan Revian. Semua bahan herbal yang dibutuhkan oleh lelaki itu makin terkumpul dan Revia akan segera mencapai tahap dewa. Namun, apa yang akan terjadi dengan hubungan mereka berdua?
A Chef’s Journey Home
Ethan Reed seeks help from the legendary chef to cure his eating disorder. Meanwhile, Lucy, a young apprentice chef, descends the mountain with a family heirloom and a rare medicinal pill. By chance, she saves a wealthy lady, who then takes her in. As Lucy strives to complete her mission, unexpected twists and challenges arise.
高嶺の花は色褪せない
先帝の勅令により、将軍府の嫡女・沈妤が鎮守府公爵・顔厄の嫁になった。結婚してから1年、沈妤は子供を出産した。昔将軍府の女中だった魏姝が、沈妤のことを嫉妬して、自分の娘を沈妤の娘と入れ替えた。しかし、全てを知っていた沈妤は、あえてこの事を隠していた。16年後、鎮守府の娘・顔昭昭は、沈妤に大事に育てられて、才色兼備のお嬢様になった。魏姝の娘である犬娘は、毎日母親に殺されるほど虐待されてきた。顔昭昭は皇太子と婚約ができて、極めて高貴な皇太子妃になった。結婚式の3日後に、皇太子夫婦が鎮守府に戻り、魏姝は自分の娘を迎えようと企んで真実を言い出した。しかしその後、沈妤は自分が全てを知っていると告白した。それとともに、表に浮かんできた全ての真相は、まさか誰でも思わなかったことだ...
Miss CEO's Revenge
Born in a family where her parents only loved her brother, Brocome worked very hard to make herself a president. Having left home for years, she decided to go back to help her family and villagers live a better life. However, her family were as greedy as before.After they knew she owned a company, they asked her for money. At last, she gave up the idea of helping them.Key words: girl power, fate changing, twists, drama
Mr. Lee, You've Got the Wrong Lady
After a wild night with Brian Lee, her boss and CEO of Lee Group, Cindy Johnson fled in a hurry, accidentally leaving her friend Jane Lynn's resume in the room. Brian mistook Jane for Cindy and took her to his villa. Known for her poor makeup skills, Cindy was considered a bumpkin by colleagues and supervisors, so she decided to do her work well as an intern. Unexpectedly, Brian promoted her to his secretary. Forced to work closely with Brian while hiding her identity, Cindy gradually won his heart. Meanwhile, Jane, desperate to maintain her position, she tried everything to seduce Brian and secretly stabbed Cindy in the back. Using her wits and luck, Cindy overcame various crises and uncovered Jane's betrayal. In the end, Jane's true nature was exposed, justice prevailed, and Cindy and Brian found happiness together.
일현일주사화연
목면면은 다시 태어나 전생에 사촌 언니와 결혼했던 군관 심화연에게 시집을 간다. 그 목적은 사촌 언니를 괴롭혀 죽인 심화연의 여사친 서념에게 복수하기 위해서다. 섬에 도착한 목면면은 여우짓으로 서념의 여우짓에 대항하면서 서념을 긁는다. 결혼식 날, 서념은 목면면이 자신을 바다에 빠뜨렸다고 모함하지만 수영에 능한 목면면에 의해 구조되었고 심화연은 서념의 거짓말을 폭로한다. 서념은 여러 수를 써서 목면면을 해하려 하지만 결국 모두 자신에게 돌아온다. 목면면과 심화연의 감정이 깊어질 때 목면면이 결혼 상대를 바꾼 사실이 드러났고 또 다른 위기가 닥친다.
Reunite With My Long-Lost Children
Cynthia has spent the past 18 years looking for her three children who were forcibly taken away by the loan shark. The three rich Larson siblings, who have been looking for their mother, learn that she is in Zachman Village. They request James, the chief of the village, conduct paternity tests for all mothers in the village. Cynthia's namesake, who is also James' mistress, uses the fake paternity test report to take her place as their mother.
From Zero To Jade King
A brutal attack left Leon with an extraordinary gift: eyes that could see the soul of jade. In Buronia's ruthless gem trade, his gift made him a legend—and a target. Then, the most powerful boss moved to end his rise. With talent and wit as his weapons, could he win the ultimate game?
The Invincible Treasure Bowl
During the freezing doomsday, Sean was tragically left in the snow by his crush to die when unexpectedly, he time-traveled to three days before the end of the world. Determined not to be a simp again, he used the Treasure Bowl to store tons of supplies and create a refuge base, dominating the doomsday and getting true love.
Favored vs. Fake
During her quest to find her biological father, Taylor uncovers a conspiracy: impostor heiress Janice manipulates dark talismans to fake jewelry appraisal expertise, deceiving their family. Armed with wisdom and courage, Taylor races to expose the fraud and shield her loved ones from harm.
Gamble King at the Minute
Wade’s daughter needs a fortune to survive, but he loses it all to a scam. He suddenly gains the power to stop time for 60 seconds and gets the money back, but also runs into a casino war. He fights with gambling, breaks the criminal group, saves his daughter and renews his life with love and family.
秦王父娘の「悪党」な日々
悪名高い悪役令嬢・温軟、気づけば物語の世界に転生し、なんと落ちぶれ秦王・秦九州の三歳の娘になっていた。 ところがこの父上、原作ヒロイン白惜卿にベタ惚れし、権力まで自主返納。さらには白惜卿の従兄を太子に押し上げるという白惜卿の忠犬だった。 「こんなのアリ!?」 そう叫んだ温軟は、父を最強悪役に改造すべく、日々とんでもない作戦を連発。 結果――秦九州は頭を抱えるばかり だが振り回され続けた彼は、ふと覚醒する。 「もういい…権勢も全部取り返す…このトラブル製造機は、俺が守る！」 こうして最弱親子が、なぜか“最強悪役ロード”を爆走し始めるのだった。 Fanqie Novel『反派幼崽三岁半，爹不造反我来干』(著者:月亮跌入梦) をドラマ化
狙いは解毒 恋は予定外
A国一の女殺し屋・霍清檸は、任務中に謎の毒に倒れ、休憩室へ逃げ込んだその時―― 偶然、自閉症を抱える宋家の御曹司・宋聿川と出会ってしまう。 毒を解くため、彼女は捨てたはずの「霍家令嬢」の肩書を拾い、妹に代わって宋聿川と政略結婚する。 利用するつもりで近づいたはずなのに―― 純粋でまっすぐな宋聿川に、いつしか心を奪われていた。 やがて、宋聿川が誘拐され、二人で死地から脱したあの日、二人の想いは一気に近づく。 「俺が…お前の解毒剤になりたい」 しかし―― 霍清檸は真実を知る。 その解毒法は、宋聿川の命を奪うかもしれない。 愛する人を犠牲にして生きるか、それとも二人で生きる道を探すか―― 霍清檸は、自らの毒と愛の間で、究極の選択を迫られる――
Married to My Professor
One night. One mistake. Mia never expected to wake up next to her cold, by-the-book university professor, let alone end up pregnant. Just when she's on the verge of breaking down, Professor Carter stuns her with a proposal. Next thing she knows, they're living under one roof as husband and wife.
Revenge of the Supreme Lord
After ten years of fighting on the battlefield with his dog, Howler, Wilson Lock became Supreme Lord and returned home in glory. However, he discovered that his wife, Melanie Zimmer, betrayed him by having an affair with the village chief and cruelly mistreated Wilson's parents. Melanie further accused Wilson of desertion and put his parents on public trial. At the most critical moment, Wilson returned.
To Live or To Love
The celibate CEO Alex, born with a pure-yang constitution, cannot live past New Year's Eve. He finds by chance that Luna, the only woman with a pure-yin constitution, can cure him, so he marries her to survive, gradually falling for her. On hearing that Luna's life will be in peril after saving him, Alex is put in a dilemma.
死敵戀上我妹妹
塗家父母走後，塗躍被騙把自家搞破產了，為了不讓妹妹塗鳶跟著他打拼受苦，厚著臉皮把寶貝妹妹塞給他的死對頭謝引鶴，想著這傢伙向來不近女色，妹妹在他家肯定安全又能享福。為了不被謝引鶴扔出家門，塗鳶按哥哥教的裝可憐、扮柔弱，使出渾身解數抱緊這位金主哥哥的大腿，誰知她才是那隻闖入狼窩的羔羊？謝引鶴表面上是個坐懷不亂的柳下惠，實則悶騷到不行！偷聽到塗鳶嫌他古板，就把浴袍拉到底勾引她，按住那隻摸上胸肌的手：「等到了床上，我主動脫給妳看」~哥！你什麼時候東山再起呀，你的寶貝妹妹快要被吃幹抹淨了!塗躍眼看自家妹妹被死對頭勾引走，整個人當機了：「我讓你照顧我妹，你竟敢泡她！」改編自番茄小説《破產后，被哥哥扔到他死對頭家裏》，作者：今與紫。
Rise to Power
Three years ago, Max Chive was framed and imprisoned. His fiancée betrayed him, his father was killed by the aristocracy, and he suffered in prison. But karma intervened. Wood Yell, a legendary martial artist, trained Max in internal arts, preparing him to seek justice. Now, Max vows to crush the aristocracy and avenge those who wronged him!
The Unborn Immortal
Truck driver Charles Young saves kidnapped heiress Susan Green and they spend the night together. The Myriad Immortal reincarnates into Susan's womb after failing his tribulation. Susan discovers she's pregnant and plans to terminate it, but a voice tells Charles, 'Don't do this! I'm your son!'
Return of the Legend Lord
Aiden Simmons, the former chief marshal of Kethasia’s Divine Legion, retired to accompany his wife, Lynn Snow. However, he was forced to return to the fray due to his disciple, Serena Brooks. Ultimately, he destroyed the Shadow organization that disrupted Kethasia and reclaimed his position as the chief marshal, known as the Divine Lord.
Executive Affair：Resigning from your love
After years of quiet devotion as a CEO’s assistant and secret lover, all Pearl got in return was news of his engagement to a wealthy heiress. Heartbroken and humiliated, she tried to walk away—but life had other plans. A surprise pregnancy. Her father’s crushing debts. No one to turn to. For the first time, Pearl swore she wouldn’t go crawling back to the man who broke her... But Henry isn't ready to lether go, and neither is the world that binds them together.
The Farmer's Delicate Bride
To repay Edward Foster's kindness, Stella Shaw marries Charles Foster. Though initially hostile, Charles is eventually moved by her kindness. As she cares for him after an injury, love grows. Framed by Irene Cole, the truth behind a past accident emerges, but Charles saves her. In the end, the two marry in the mountains.
Traps on the Table
This drama follows Blake Carter, who returns home to discover his wife, Louis Wood, was instigated by her best friend to gamble away fifty thousand dollars meant for their daughter's surgery. Determined to set things right, Blake uses his skills to take revenge on those responsible.
His Ultimate Favor Is Me
After losing her family and being kicked out of the James Family, Bella James finds herself with nowhere to turn and ends up living in Master Miles' home. To her surprise, four years later, she becomes the apple of his eye and his beloved treasure. After countless misadventures, Master Miles only has one thing to say, "As long as Bella is happy."
Fool's Ascent
Despite her simple-mindedness, Yara had exceptional talent. After becoming a master of swordsmanship and overcoming bullying and repression from all sides, Yara turned the tide in despair, helped her family, the Nyes, rise once again, and used her blade to rule the world.
The Divorce Attorney's Secret Affair
Aria, a divorce lawyer, is betrayed by her husband Leon and Bianca, who also covets her property. When client George hires her to investigate Bianca's affair, complex entanglements arise between them. George sets traps to counterattack, and Aria discovers his obsession stems from a childhood bond. Finally breaking free from marriage, she chooses to face the future with George, exploring human redemption under betrayal and self-reconstruction.